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Angola has long been severely criticized for its human-rights record. A 2012 report by the U.S. Department of State said, "The three most important human rights abuses (2012 ) were official corruption and impunity; limits on the freedoms of assembly, association, speech, and press; and cruel and excessive punishment, including reported cases of torture and beatings as well as unlawful killings by police and other security personnel. Other human rights abuses included: harsh and potentially life-threatening prison conditions; arbitrary arrest and detention; lengthy pretrial detention; impunity for human rights abusers; lack of judicial process and judicial inefficiency; infringements on citizens' privacy rights and forced evictions without compensation; restrictions on nongovernmental organizations ... ; discrimination and violence against women; abuse of children; trafficking in persons; discrimination against persons with disabilities, indigenous people, and persons with HIV/AIDS; limits on workers' rights; and forced labor."〔(''2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Angola'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State )〕 ==Historical background== A longtime Portuguese colony, Angola waged a war of independence that lasted from 1961 to 1975. (詳細はMPLA), which was supported principally by the Soviet Union and Cuba, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), supported by the U.S. and South Africa. Both sides in the conflict, which is considered one of the major proxy wars of the Cold War, used child soldiers. The war, which ended in 2002 with victory by the MPLA, resulted in a massive humanitarian crisis. In 2003, 80 percent of Angolans had no access to basic medical care and 60 percent had no water. According to Freedom House, the Angolan civil war "claimed an estimated one million lives, displaced more than four million people, and forced over half a million to flee to neighboring countries. Many resettled people have remained without land, basic resources, or even identification documents. The resettlement process was slowed by the presence of an estimated 500,000 landmines and a war-ruined infrastructure. Legislative elections, delayed repeatedly since 1997, were finally held in September 2008."〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/angola )〕 Angola, which is technically a constitutional republic, has been run by the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) since 1975, with the office of president held by Jose Eduardo dos Santos.〔 An October 2010 article in ''The Guardian'' suggested that "()il, diamonds and landmines are just three clues to understanding the country – to which might be added poverty, repression and polio.... It is now one of Africa's biggest oil producers yet remains one of the world's poorest countries." With the fall of Gaddafi, Dos Santos became Africa's longest serving leader, and the adoption in 2010 of a new constitution that abolished direct presidential election and eliminated the post of prime minister further strengthened his already extremely firm position. Although the new constitution contained strong language about the protection of freedom of expression, association, and assembly,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-angola-0 )〕 Raul Danda of the opposition UNITA party called it "a complete fraud" and said his fellow party members were wearing black "because it's like going to the graveyard to bury democracy."〔 Since 1975, Freedom House has rated the country "Not Free" with the sole exception of 1991, when it was named "Partly Free". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Human rights in Angola」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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